PID loops are a central component of modulating boiler control systems with applications ranging from basic steam header pressure control to cascading 3-element drum level control. A modern ...

Self-regulating systems with feedback loops, i.e., the routing back of the output of a system to its input, have existed since antiquity and have since become an integral part of modern technology.

In the previous article, I showed how to compensate simple first-order systems. As a quick recap, a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller is all that is needed for compensating first-order systems ...

A few weeks ago, I installed an automatic water heater switch to my bathroom, but it was a crude device. What I really want to do is design a universal heater driver. That basic idea can be adapted to ...

How to define the performance criteria of a digital control feedback system, such as a PID control system. How to define the speed and resolution of the control DAC and the sense ADC by using the ...

Affected by the climate goal of “carbon neutrality”, the energy consumption structure is growing increasingly clean and low carbon, giving rise to the rapid development of the PV industry. Due to long ...